A Lifestyle Of Cheating - 1512 Words

Irrationalizing ‘Roids: A lifestyle of Cheating Gym Candy, ‘roids, juice, pumpers, weight trainers, clear, beans and hype (Steroids and their). All of these words are slang for the illegal substance known more commonly as anabolic steroids and HGH, or human growth hormone. The controversy surrounding anabolic steroids and HGH in sports has stormed to the forefront of the many problems that plague America today. Anabolic steroids are synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone. According to Fox News,  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬5% of middle school and high school aged- children have or currently use anabolic steroids. 30 to 40% of college and professional athletes use steroids, as well as 10-20% of high school athletes (Ricki Lewis). Despite their illegality, law enforcement officials cannot devote more resources to policing steroid use and trafficking because they are still fighting the abuse of other illegal drugs that affect many more young people (M cCloskey and Bailes). Many athletes looking to gain a competitive edge on all levels use anabolic steroids because of their muscle growth and muscle building benefits, but overlook the extensive list of sometimes life-threatening side effects that steroids may bring. I believe that steroids should be banned from all athletic agencies, schools, organizations, et cetera because it leads to a larger ethical problem in today’s already fading system of values and morals in America, the side effects of anabolic steroidsShow MoreRelatedSteroids : A Lifestyle Of Cheating1639 Words   |  7 PagesRavaging ‘Roids: A lifestyle of Cheating Gym Candy, ‘roids, juice, pumpers, weight trainers, clear, beans and hype (Steroids and their). All of these words are slang for the illegal substance known more commonly as anabolic steroids and HGH, or human growth hormone. The controversy surrounding anabolic steroids and HGH in sports has stormed to the forefront of the many problems that plague America today. Anabolic steroids are synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of the male sex hormone testosteroneRead MoreAcademic Plagiarism And Academic Dishonesty932 Words   |  4 Pagesand study guide for the chapter test that day? Lack of preparation is a huge contributor to academic dishonesty. Forgetting to study can cause those who would not usually cheat to stoop low and look at someone else s work. Some students rely on cheating to make their way through high school or college. Academic dishonesty is a way lazy students take advantage of hard working students. Whether the academic dishonesty is caused because of the lack of preparation, a poor work ethic, or by having aRead MoreThe Wolf of Wallstreet Movie Review1477 Words   |  6 PagesEvery day, people in current society are reminded to follow a certain code of conducts or ethics to live a legal and proper life. These codes may be simple and contain common sense, such as following the law or not cheating other people. However, in the movie The Wolf of Wall Street, it not only promotes these actions, it shows it to the live audience the positive effects it may produce. The Wolf of Wall Street is based on a true story of Jordan Belfort, a stockbroker who served 36 months in prisonRead MoreHelp Me Nigga Character Analysis1180 Words   |  5 Pagesbegins this bit by stating that cheating was the reason why his marriage failed, but immediately after stating this turns around and states that is was actually â€Å"lying about cheating† that was the reason why his marriage didn’t last. He proceeds to give examples of the many times that he lied about when he was cheating – even bringing his best friend into the web of lies and somehow always getting caught each time. Kevin Hart also explained that he was not ashamed of cheating and wouldn’t take anythingRead MoreSymbolism in The Old Man and the Sea Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesroaring 20s and enjoying the bountiful materials of those times. Nick small and cheap rental is surrounded by the mansions, demonstrating how there were those exceptions to the high lifestyles. The constant lavish parties and time for relaxation further exemplifies how extravagant things were. Also the behavior of cheating and how it was common displays how the women were mostly objects of affection, but not much more than that. 7. Nick Carraway is an ideal narrator because his point of viewRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1255 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent for everyone. Some may love this book while others just purely hate it. I have to say I am in between loving and hating this book. I do like the look into the lives of the rich of the 1920s and I did enjoy the overall story. However the cheating I wasn’t fond of. I do understand that is what happens with the rich so I do enjoy the fact that it historically accurate. Another topic that I will touch upon is the drunkenness and reckless driving portrayed, quite accurately, for this time periodRead MoreMany low class citizens would make bad decisions such as executing illegal activities in order to600 Words   |  3 Pagesrant about his dangerous lifestyle as a hustler that leads to the death of his friend. Lincoln, is an example, who believe his life is something more than an hustler, â€Å"Got yrself a good job. And when th e arcade lets you go yll get another good job. I dont gotta spend my whole life hustling. Theres more to Link than that. More to me than some cheap hustle. More to life than cheating some idiot out of his paycheck or his life saving† (Parks 55). By leaving his dangerous lifestyle, Lincoln figures outRead More Great Gatsby Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesDaisy Gatsby becomes in love with Daisy again. He tells Nick to have a dinner party and invite him and Daisy but not tell Daisy about him being their. This works and Gatsby and Daisy start to see each other again. Tom figures out that his wife is cheating on him with Gatsby. He is very mad even though he himself is involved in an affair. Tom confronts Gatsby and Daisy about the affair and at a hotel Tom tells Daisy that Gatsby is a crook and got all his money from bootlegging alcohol and other illegalRead MoreFreakonomics Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesfocuses on cheating and incentives. Incentives can be a good thing, depending on how they are implemented and enforced. Incentives do have their bad side as well, which is represented by cheating. The chapter analyzes cheating schoolteachers in Chicago and the corruption of sumo wrestling in Japan, among other examples. In each scenario, the same themes arise: how incentives work, and why they sometimes cause cheating. Although these specific scenarios demonstrate the point of cheating and incentives

How Language Is Essential For Human Communication Essay

Language is essential to human communication because of the definition and signification of words, formation of complex clauses with these phrases, and ultimately, the sharing of ideas. Locke and Augustine present conflicting points of view on the argument of language’s purpose and, thus, pose contrasting answers to the questions: what is language and what is its meaning? While, Locke expresses a strictly internalist view on language and the individuality of words’ significance, Augustine represents the hybrid theory of referentialism and internalism, more accurately explaining the inner acquisition of language and its importance in the exchange of ideas. In Locke’s Essay Concerning Known Understanding, he discusses the importance of internally forming one’s unique signification of a word and the two ultimate purposes of language. Locke introduces his internalist views on language with a lengthy definition of internalism and a brief explanation of the usag e of this mode of thinking. He believes that â€Å"There is no natural connection between particular sounds and particular ideas†¦ and the ideas they stand for are their proper and immediate signification† (Locke, Essay Concerning Known Understanding, 146). With this arbitrary definition and explanation, Locke fully encapsulates the internalist view on language, which is developing one’s own unique meaning of a word and personally interpreting that signification as correct. Locke then emphasizes the two purposes of language, asShow MoreRelatedThe Origin of Language in Human Evolution Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage is a complex system evolved from animal cognition system not from animal communication, suggesting that only humans with complex brain system were capable of developing (Ulbaek, 1998). Whereas other animal species communicate through vocalised sounds, songs, or gestures specially primates such as apes. Similarly gestures and hand gestures were the form of communication used by early hominids, but Homo habilis and Homo erectus started to use vocalisations and decreasing the frequent use ofRead MoreHuman Existence Be Possible Without Communication Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesWould human existence be possible without communication? How would human beings interact with each other and the environment, develop relationships, and understand the environment without communication? Basically, communication is the most significant factor across societies that plays a crucial role in shaping human destiny. The concept and process of communication has attracted several definitions because of the varying considerations of its significance in human life. Communication is definedRead More Inadequate Communication 970 Words   |  4 Pageslimited English proficiency (LEP), the issue of inadequate communication has become a considerable problem for healthcare providers (U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administrati on, 2003). This does not account for the thousands of Americans who have hearing loss and use American Sign Language (ASL) as their primary form of interaction (Mitchell, Young, Bachleda, Karchmer, 2006). â€Å"Communication with patients is essential to providing quality medical care† (Bernard et al., 2006Read MoreThe Conflict Theory Of An Age Of Corporate Colonization886 Words   |  4 PagesConflict theory is a term that is being used to help us, people, to understand how and why a model of behaviors, norms, inequality, powers, ideology, values that characterize our social system is happing or have happened over time. This theory focuses on people the way that they act. It has been believed that people tend to do things that are interest others. For instance, Stanly A. Deetz who wrote Democracy In An Age Of Corporate Colonization views theory as a lens and a way of seeing the worldRead MoreThe Main Source Of Rosenzweig s Thoughts About Translation Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesword. (Rosenzweig 66) This suggests that the essence of translation is communication; it is the only solution to bridge the chasm between human beings. God speaks to men through a spoken language. In addition, Rosenzweig debates that â€Å"there is only one language† (Galli and Rosenzweig 362). All languages are basically one language under the umbrella of God. Just as a language has given birth to all who speak it, so all human expression, all alien tongues that ever have been or will be spoken, mustRead MoreEssay On Social Interaction1338 Words   |  6 PagesIn our society, we face various aspects and levels of social interaction. For the purposes of this paper, the focus will be on specifically, Gender and Language, Nonverbal communication, Status, and Humor. Social interaction is the way people talk and act with each other and various structures in society. It may include the interactions such as family or bureaucracies that are formed out of the need to create order within the interaction itself (Wikipedia, 2017). This paper will illustrate the importanceRead MoreSkills and Competencies818 Words   |  4 PagesRosemond Elms College Skills and Competencies Nurses for the future-Communication Many people refer to their strong communication skills, but communication is really a competency that relies on a combination of certain skills, behavior and knowledge. To communicate effectively a person may need to understand cultural diversity, have advanced language skills, and behave with patience. Interpersonal communication is essential in every area of life, but it especially critical in the field of nursingRead MoreVisual Imagery And Effective Communication996 Words   |  4 PagesVisual Imagery and communication have been applied to communicate a person’s feelings toward communication to predictable communication with another individual (Bruder, Dosmukhambetova, Nerb, Manstead, 2012). The capability of people to express their feelings and nonverbal behaviours in an image assists to coagulate predictable behaviours when communicating with others. Imagery is a very significant aspect of communication, and it has played a crucial role in the development of human bein gs regardingRead MoreRhetoric : The Power Of Discourse1689 Words   |  7 Pagesrhetoric is because rhetoric is everywhere. Our everyday lives are filled with the intensity of rhetoric and what it can do. Thus, rhetoric is the art of words that has the ability to influence, persuade, and create communication and intimacy in societal connections. Rhetoric becomes an essential component in establishing connections with others in order to cooperate and coexist in society. Many philosophers have studied rhetoric through very different lenses; some focusing on ethics, while others focusedRead MoreThe And Caring For The Clinical Setting : Patients Descriptions1285 Words   |  6 Pagesworking with the patient are essential components of therapeutic communication. According to the article, â€Å"‘I Don’t Know the Words He Uses’: Therapeutic Communication among Q’eqchi Maya Healers and Their Patients†, there are two forms of healing that these Maya Healers used, which are transformative and restorative healing. Transformative healing deals more with being present and focuses on the patient, while restorative healing is focused on the disease. Similar to how in school, nurses are extensively

Sociology Role of Women in Judaism and Christianity

Question: Dsicuss about theSociologyfor Role of Women in Judaism and Christianity. Answer: Introduction In the various religions of the world, different perspectives are held by each religion on the role of women in the society (Bach 2013). On investigating through the cultural changes between the religions, both similarities and deviations can be noticed in the role of women. The viewpoint of women has changed considerably , than what it was before. The orthodox beliefs and practices against women has been reduced to a considerate level. Judaism and Christianity are the two major religions of the world. Judaism is an ancient religion which is monotheistic in nature. Their holy book is Torah whereas, their beliefs , history and traditions are all recorded in the Hebrew Bible (Balkin, Watts and Ali 2014). Christianity is the worlds most popular religion which holds the highest population in the world. It is an old religion with the Bible as the holy Bible. There is a noticeable transformation between the change in traditional beliefs and practices with respect to the role of women in these two religions (Brouwer 2013). The aim of this essay is to analyse these noticeable changes that would help in knowing the different viewpoints regarding the role of women in the society, based on the beliefs of these two religions. Role of Women in Judaism The role of women in Judaism is considered by the Hebrew Bible , by custom beliefs and by some non religious factors. According to the old beliefs, as mentioned in the Bible, women in Judaism were not allowed for public appearance (Desai, Chugh and Brief 2014). Though there are various exceptions to the various prophetess and other important figures in earlier times, where there was no objection against their free appearance in public. Marriage in Jewish religion and the family laws related to the religion earlier held a superior position for the women than men. A husband had the authority to divorce his wife, but a wife did not have the authority to divorce her husband without his consent. Re-marriage was allowed only to husband whose wife had died and whereas, a widow was not allowed to re marry. With respect to marriage and divorce authoruities of women in Judaism, one of the critical practices followed in Judaism is Agunah (Drazin 2014). In this custom, a husband who had left on a jaourney and has not returned for many years, or a man who has gone for a battle and has no news so far, is unable to grant a divorce to his wife. According to the jewish traditions, it is quite necessary for the husband to grant his wife aget or dicorce on his own will. Without a get, remarriage is forbidden for teh wife. Her children would be considered as a mamzer or bastard. In these circumstances, the women tend to suffer in severe conditions. It is considered as one of those sevre punishments for the women where they are left on the mercy of others (Golding 2015). In order to recover these women from such situations, it is considered as a duty or the halakic authority to grant these women the permission to remarry by allowing her the get from her husband. There were various beliefs and cultural differences found between male and female that shows how females were considered as submissive to men. With regards to the religious practices, the women in Judaism were allowed to visit the temple only once in a year. Specific practices were only regarded to the men, whereas, the female were not allowed to perform (Lampert 2013). Economically, the women were dependent on the men. Women did both inherit any property the. If they had no brothers, and they inherited their fathers property, in order to lawfully inherit it, she had to marry someone from the tribe. In Talmudic times, various references and quotes were made it the book of the Jews, that described how respecting , loving and caring for women are the basic duties of men. Manhood does not lie in suppressing the women. There are many examples of women of those times, who have kept a strong influence on their husbands . In medieval ages, women in the Jewish family had three factors that such as religious, economic and the situation of the non Jewish society, which shows that the status of women had changed and had risen than what it was before. People were more liberal in nature in the medieval ages, where they taught the women various religious teachings and reading Torah, all that was prohibited in the past. The orthodox beliefs of the past regarding the religious practices has followed some leniency while being addressed to the women in the society. A new aspect had been introduced in the middle ages, known as synagogue where the women participated in the Jewish practices publically. In synagogues, women were provided with a separate section where they were separated from the men. They were allowed to wear such clothes that would cover their body and do not act as a distraction for men. They had a belief that women tend to raise impure thoughts in men while praying. Marriage was considered as one of the most holy relations of life which laid great emphasis on the holy bond between the partners. Female menstruation cycles were considered as expressions of sins or demonic character, and hence, greater strictures were maintained against this. In present day of life, orthodox Judaism is present that stets the present views and beliefs of the Jewish practice. It claims that men and women are both different in nature who have different duties and responsibilities to perform towards the religious practices. Contradicting to this statement, some orthodox belief holds that there are no differences between the two genders with regard to religious belief, but with regard to the structural, cultural and social aspects of life. Various orthodox Jewish women have been working towards the change in the religious beliefs of the people, that holds a drawback for women of the society. Nowadays, in many orthodox synagogues, women do not maintain a different section that was hidden earlier from the view of men with the fear of being distracted. This has been changed with the sections made in the hall itself, where women and men sit on the two sides separately. In the modern orthodox Judaism, modesty has been followed in the dress code for women. The Jewish members sanctioned separate prayer groups, so that girls are not prohibited from reading the holy books of the religion. Earlier, women were not considered as a witness to some incident that had taken place (Plaskow 2015). This hurt the self respect of the females of the society as their existence were held inappropriate in addressing some facts. Recently such traditions has been subjected to change. Now women could be equally addressed as witness in the eyes of law. The Judaism beliefs of the people are now subjected to change as reform Judaism where the women are given a higher post in the society, than they had earlier. A Reconstructionist group of the Jews has been framed that help the women to raise their position in the society. The prohibitions that were faced by them earlier has been removed like no education, prohibition to reading religious books, prohibited to various social customs etc. Nowadays the Jewish women have changed with the change in the mindset of the people. They re not considered as the one who are impure or are only fit for getting married. Role of Women in Christianity Christian views regarding women vary considerably, and they have varied more in the past two thousand years. There has been a variation in the thoughts and beliefs of the people regarding the women of the society (Lindsey 2015). There has been a gender biased hierarchy in the religion since its evolution. This has been claimed by the Complementarians and traditionalists till the present. In Christianity, a woman has been placed under the mans authority at various places, where they had been excluded from the church leadership and other positions that had been under the authority of only men. According to the Christian Egalitarians, the interpretation of the word of god has been quite different in nature than what has been believed. There has been no differentiation done between the two genders, and that everyone is fair and equal in the eyes of god. They believe that Jesus Christ abolished the discrimination which had been taught earlier, and that there are discrimination in the eyes of god regarding to any secondary discriminations done based on caste, creed, sex, race, slavery, etc (Maitland 2014). On the other hand, Complementarians or the traditionalist have interpreted the Bible in a different manner. They think that equality has been mentioned in the text of god being available to everyone on the day of salvation. According to this group , both in the old and the new testament, there has been a priority noticed of the males over the females (Plaskow 2014). In the early age, from the very start of Christianity, women have been noticed as important members of the movements generated by Jesus Christ. It has been mentioned in the gospels of new testament that Jesus was always found speaking to women openly and publically as his children, in spite of the cultural backwardness in those times. According to the way of preaching s of Jesus, even his followers followed the same rule. Women were considered as an important part of the society. When Paul started to spread the teachings of Jesus, his letters had mentioned the names of women that were of high importance. With the prediction of the art made in those times, it could be seen that women were a part of the ceremonies which took place in those times. They were not unaware of the customs and rejoices in those early Christian time. The Egilatarian and the Complementarian approach differ in a great extent on the context of the beliefs of Christianity (Johnson 2013). Their interpretations are totally different from each other, which thereby, raises a sharp distinction between the beliefs of the people. According to the conservative Christian theology, god has prophesized that men must rule over women. This us seen as a form of compromise that has formed between the two. Yet, this is not the true case, which had been rectified. Its is shown that equality must be maintained between the two and no one has the right to overpower the other or suppress the other. Complementarians are of the belief that Christians must hold men as superior creations as Jesus Christ is subjected as the son of god, and incarnate god as the male human being. Egalitarians argue on this nite, stating that god is not gendered. Hence, there is no biased in terms of gender. The gender biased had been present in the early ages, whereas, in the modern period these customs have reduced. Many gospels in the Bible describe how Jesus has stated women in a respectable status, where suppressing of the women by a male is strictly prohibited. Various Bible versus from Pauls letters have been noticed that has supported the idea of women having a different status than men (Thomas 2015). In the medieval ages, Christian convent helped the women to gain knowledge, education, literacy and learning, thereby playing a more religious roles . Post reformation revolutionist changes have been seen in the religion, which had included political matters within itself, thereby aligning power with the women. According to the modern feminists, there has been some challenging changes in the traditional beliefs of Christianity . These feminists create more liberal and free views that are attached to the theologies related to women of the society. They tend to support LGBT rights and abortion, which was considered as highly punishable and prohibited act earlier (Meyers 2013). With all the facts that has been collected in the ages earlier, the clear text comes in front now, which states that women had played a vital role in Christianity . They gave served the prophets, teachers, led churches at home, spiritual gifts and had died for Jesus Christ just as the other men had done (Shoemaker 2014). Nowadays, Christian women are away from any kind of restrictions or suppressions , that had been laid on them earlier. The Complementarians have been proved wrong in many places, where they had been facing forceful suppressions and humiliated treatment from the male gender. Conclusion Religious beliefs varies among the people and their views different among each other. These variations in beliefs has been noticed in all the factors of life. One of the most crucial and important diversification of views is held upon the gender discrimination among all the religions. Christianity and Judaism are the two ancient religions of the world, where, Christianity holds the highest percentage of believers in the world (Wasserfall 2015). Both in Christianity and Judaism, gender biased nature towards the male gender has been noticed in the early ages, whereas, nothing as such has been mentioned in their holy book. Women had undergone various suppressions and insults under the name of religions. Numerous ideas and beliefs have been subjected by the advocates of the religion in order to show that male gender is dominant over the female gender. The women were prohibited of some acts that were not justified, moreover, they were treated as child bearers. Statements have been framed against them that shows how low the society took female to be. With the change in the thinking, ideologies, theories, and perceptions of the people in both the religions, there had been a considerable change in the status of the women in the society. Women have gained their respect and status up to considerable extent, where they performed various activities that were considered as sin before. Women has been powered with positions, religious platforms, leaderships, respect, knowledge, education and many more transitions from the society which were only a dream earlier. According to Wiesner-Hanks (2014), Christianity and Judaism has some severe theories and ideologies within itself that creates dissimilarities in the society and thereby leading to stark discrimination between the gender . Reference Bach, A., 2013.Women in the Hebrew Bible: A reader. Routledge. Balkin, R.S., Watts, R.E. and Ali, S.R., 2014. A conversation about the intersection of faith, sexual orientation, and gender: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim perspectives.Journal of Counseling Development,92(2), pp.187-193. Brouwer, E., 2013. Jewish American Women in an Orthodox world: The Literary Representation of a Struggle for Selfhood. Desai, S.D., Chugh, D. and Brief, A.P., 2014. The implications of marriage structure for mens workplace attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors toward women.Administrative Science Quarterly,59(2), pp.330-365. Drazin, I., 2014.Mysteries of Judaism. Gefen Publishing House. Golding, N., 2015.Jewish Feminism. Lulu. com. Johnson, P., 2013.History of the Jews. Hachette UK. Lampert, L., 2013.Gender and Jewish Difference from Paul to Shakespeare. University of Pennsylvania Press. Lindsey, L.L., 2015.Gender roles: A sociological perspective. Routledge. Maitland, S., 2014.A Map of the New Country (RLE Women and Religion): Women and Christianity. Routledge. Meyers, C., 2013.Rediscovering Eve: ancient Israelite women in context. Oxford University Press on Demand. Plaskow, J., 2014. Anti-Judaism in Feminist Christian Interpretation. InJudith Plaskow: Feminism, Theology, and Justice(pp. 83-95). Brill. Plaskow, J., 2014. Anti-Judaism in Feminist Christian Interpretation. InJudith Plaskow: Feminism, Theology, and Justice(pp. 83-95). Brill. Plaskow, J., 2015.The Coming of Lilith: Essays on Feminism, Judaism, and Sexual Ethics, 1972-2003. Beacon Press. Shoemaker, R.B., 2014.Gender in English Society 1650-1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres?. Routledge. Thomas, A., 2015. Introduction. InReading Women in Late Medieval Europe(pp. 1-24). Palgrave Macmillan US. Wasserfall, R. ed., 2015.Women and water: Menstruation in Jewish life and law. Brandeis University Press. Wiesner-Hanks, M., 2014.Christianity and sexuality in the early modern world: Regulating desire, reforming practice. Routledge.

Encyclopedia of Law and Economics

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. Answer: Meaning of consideration The price which is asked by a promisor in exchange of his promise is called the consideration. A consideration of some kind is necessary for the promise to be binding. Thus a promise without a consideration is not considered to be valid promise and hence it is not enforceable. However there are certain exceptions to thus rule and under certain circumstances, a promise without a consideration would be considered to be valid (McKendrick, 2014). In the instant case, the offer was made to Jack by Jane for sale of her Lotus Super 7 sports car. Jack has accepted the offer. But the agreement is devoid of any consideration. Milroy vs Lord In this case, a deed was executed by Medley who seeded to transfer certain bank shares to a trustee. But the shares were not registered in the name of the trust in the banks register. Subsequently, Mr. Medley died (Lightman, 2013).The transfer of shares was resisted by the personal representative of Mr. Medley. It was argued by the personal representative of Mr Medley that the transfer was seeded to be made without any valuable consideration and therefore same should not be enforced. According to him, it was an uncompleted gift and the same should not be enforced as the agreement could not fulfil the requirement of consideration which is essential for enforceability of an agreement (Smith, 2014). It was decided that a mere promise with a gratuitous intention does not bind the parties legally or equitably (Garza, 2016). In the instant case, Jane wanted to transfer the car to Jack. But the offer and acceptance of the same would not bind the parties because there is lack of consideration in this case. A consideration is an essential part of a contact and the general principle is that a contract without a consideration is null and void. Thus, for an agreement to be enforceable it is necessary and essential that a consideration must be present. Therefore, in the instant case, the mere offer and acceptance by the parties would not bind them legally. In other words, Jack cannot move the court to enforce the promise. In the instant case, the offer was made to Jack by Jane for sale of her Lotus Super 7 sports car for an amount of $25,000. The nature and requirement of consideration needs to be looked into in order to determine whether the above mentioned amounted to a valid consideration or not. Now, consideration is nothing but a price which is stipulated for the promise by the promisor. Consideration may neither need be monetary nor need to be of monetary value. Consideration should bring some detriment to the promise. This is the primary requirement of a consideration. Moreover, consideration does not mean that the promisor needs to get any tangible benefit. A consideration which requires the promise to quit smoking or requires him to study every Saturday night would also amount to a valid consideration under the eyes of law. Consideration may be anything stipulated by the promisor The consideration has to be fixed by the promisor and not the promisee. The promisor has the choice to stipulate anything as a consideration and it can virtually take any form. Case: Chappell vs Nestle In this case, Nestle, in order to promote its chocolate sales, put up an advertisement that anyone who sends money and three chocolate wrappers would be supplied with a record by Nestle (Gallagher, 2016). The main argument involved in this case was whether the chocolate wrappers formed part of the consideration or not for the sale of the record. It was held that the requirement of three chocolate wrappers was something more than a condition and it did form part of a valid consideration (Turner, 2014). A famous statement was given by Lord Somervell in this case: A contracting party can stipulate for what consideration he chooses. A peppercorn does not cease to be good consideration if it is established that the promisee does not like pepper and will throw away the corn. (Sacha, 2012). Thus, according to the court, anything stipulated by the promisor can form part of the consideration. In the instant case, the consideration stipulated by the promisor is monetary compensation amounting to $25000 which is equal to the market value of the car. It means if Jane choses to sell the car to any person other than Jack, he would get the same amount as he has stipulated. This amounts to a valid consideration and it would undoubtedly bind the parties legally. Thus, the parties are bound by the terms of the agreement and Jack can sue Jane if Jane refuses to sell the car. In the instant case, the offer was made to Jack by Jane for sale of her Lotus Super 7 sports car for an amount of $2500, whereas the market value of the car is $25000. Jack accepts the same. It has been established that a consideration in order to be valid needs to be certain and not illusory. Case: Biotechnology Australia Pty Ltd v Pace In this case, an employment contract was entered into between Pace and Biotechnology. There was a provision in the contract that Pace would be entitled to participate in the company's senior staff equity sharing scheme. At the time when the contract was entered into, there was no such scheme in existence (Torre, 2014). Therefore, the consideration under the contract was held to be uncertain and illusory as Biotech did not specifically mention about the amount of consideration to be paid to Pace (Gray, 2012). Adequacy of consideration A consideration will be considered to be a good consideration even if it has a minimal value (Chitty, 2012). Consideration need not be fixed according to the market value of a product and a consideration will be considered to be good so long as the promisor fixes it voluntarily and it is readily accepted by the promisee. There is no requirement that a consideration needs to be stipulated according to the economic terms of the product. If the parties voluntary agree to a consideration, even if it is not adequate, still the consideration would be considered to be a good consideration. This principle follows the economic freedom of the parties and give discretion to the parties for determine the subjective worth of the promise. Thus, a promisor may choose to stipulate any consideration it pleases. If the consideration is too much inadequate, then it has to be seen whether one of the parties is in an influential bargaining position or not. A contract, thus may be set aside on the ground of unconscionable bargain. In the instant case, both the parties have freely entered into the agreement. None of the parties seem to be in an influential bargaining position. The consideration has been stipulated by Jane and it has been readily accepted by Jack. Moreover, the consideration is specific and it does not contain any illusory terms. This shows the willingness of Jane to sell her car at a value which is far less than the market value of the car. The agreement has been entered into voluntarily between the parties and the consideration is a good consideration. Thus, the agreement would legally bind the parties and they will have to perform the obligations undertaken under the contract. The facts of the instant case are as follows: A contract was entered into between a shipbuilder and North Ocean Tankers. Under the contract, the shipbuilder was required to build a tanker flor North Ocean Tankers. The consideration stipulated under the contract was in US dollars and there was no term in the contract which provided for currency fluctuation. The shipbuilder fulfilled approximately 50% of his obligation under the contract and the United States devalued its currency by 10%. Due to the fluctuation in US dollars, the shipbuilder foresaw that he was going to suffer a loss under the contract, he demanded for the payment of an extra US $33 million, which if not paid, he would stop the work. The buyer agreed to pay the above mentioned amount as the tanker was required to be delivered on time. The buyer commenced an action after 9 months after delivery of the tanker. It is important to mention here that the facts of the instant case are similar to that of North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd. v. Hyundai Construction Co and another. In this case, there was an agreement between Hyundai another (defendants) and North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd (plaintiffs) that a tanker would be constructed by the defendants for the plaintiffs. The consideration was fixed in US dollars and was agreed to be paid in five instalments. A letter of credit was required to be opened by the defendants under the terms of the contract for securing the repayment of instalments in case of any default. There happened to be a devaluation of 10% of the US dollar after the payment of the first instalment. The defendants demanded that the last four instalments be increased in accordance with the currency fluctuation. The plaintiff although rejected the demand initially but had to accept it subsequently as the defendants threatened to stop the work. Meanwhile, the plaintiffs entered into an advan tageous agreement to charter the tanker and readily agreed to pay extra amount on the instalments and thereby requested the defendants for increasing the letter of credit. The tanker was delivered to the plaintiffs and they sought to bring an action after eight months such delivery (Kang et al., 2016). The contention which the plaintiffs raised in this case was that either the agreement to pay the excess amount was void on the ground that there was no consideration or it was voidable on the ground that the agreement was entered into under economic duress and had been made involuntarily. Justice Mocatta rejected the contention of the plaintiffs and held that the agreement for paying the excess of amount did not lack a consideration. The consideration was in the form of the promise made by the defendant to increase the letter of credit. However, he accepted that the plaintiffs have been pressurised to pay extra instalments for the tanker. He agreed that the agreement was voidable on the ground of economic duress and he also accepted the fact that the defendants had given a threat to terminate the contract in order to receive the extra amount from the plaintiffs. But he denied giving any relief to the plaintiffs on the ground that the plaintiffs had accepted the contract through their conduct (Whaley et al., 2015). The instant case is however different for the above mentioned case. In the instant case, the charter agreement was already entered by the North Ocean Tankers before the emergence of any economic duress. It was under a compulsion in the sense that it required the delivery of tanker on time. The shipbuilder had taken advantage of the situation and had exerted pressure on North Ocean Tankers and had even threatened to stop the work if the extra amount as demanded was not paid on time. Under the present circumstances, the shipbuilder has put undue pressure on the North Ocean Tankers. The North Ocean Tankers has reluctantly accepted the contract under protest. The elements of economic duress have also been fulfilled in the present case. Firstly, a contract already existed between the North Ocean Tankers and the shipbuilder. Secondly, a threat was given by the shipbuilder that he would terminate the existing contract and thirdly, the terms and conditions as offered by the shipbuilder under the duress had been accepted by North Ocean Tankers. Thus, the instant case fulfils all the requirements of economic duress. The agreement, thus entered into between the parties, under such duress is therefore voidable. Moreover, the period of nine months is well under the limitation period to sue for damages under the relevant statutes of different States of Australia. The action initiated by North Ocean Tankers is not barred by limitation period and they have full right to approach the Court and recover the excess amount which they have paid under economic duress. Thus, under the present circumstances, North Ocean Tankers are entitled to recover the excess amount which they have paid. References: Chitty, J. (2012). Chitty on contracts: General principles (Vol. 1). Sweet Maxwell. Gallagher, C. (2016). 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